The book closes by consolidating the broad findings of the various investigations and reflecting on recommendations for the future that might follow from those discoveries. The various case studies consistently show that the accountability equation between civil society and global governance is highly complex, so that the central question of the book is not open to a single, precise and concise answer. That said, the chapters do in general suggest that civil society activities can, when the circumstances are conducive, serve to reinforce, complement or in some cases even supplant states in exacting accountability from global governance institutions. At the same time, however, the scale of civil society relations with the various global regulatory institutions is generally rather small and/or sporadic, thereby limiting the extent of accountability benefits that can be generated. Moreover, the investigations in this book indicate that civil society involvement does not inherently improve the democratic accountability of global governance.